The invention relates to a QPSO (quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization) algorithm based image edge detection method. The method includes: forming an image edge detector by four ANFIS (adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems) sub-detectors and a postprocessing module; before using the method to perform edge detection on an image, constructing a training image artificially, independently training the four sub-detectors by means of QPSO and a LSE (linear least square method), and determining parameters in a system; when the four sub-detectors are all train, forming the image edge detector by the sub-detectors with the postprocessing module, and detecting the edge of the test image. The image edge detection method has the advantages that even if the test image is polluted by noise, edge information in the image can be extracted effectively without image filter preprocessing.