The invention discloses an electronic-control anti-backlash gear pair. The electronic-control anti-backlash gear pair comprises a first gear, a second gear and a third gear. The second gear and the third gear are coaxial and parallel and are meshed with the first gear, and the freedom degree of relative rotation in the circumferential direction exists between the second gear and the third gear. The electronic-control anti-backlash gear pair further comprises an electronic-control anti-backlash system composed of an electronic driving block and a control unit, wherein the electronic driving block is used for driving the second gear and the third gear to relatively rotate to eliminate meshed backlash between the second gear and the first gear and between the third gear and the first gear during electronic deformation. According to the electronic-control anti-backlash gear pair, when the backlash needs to be adjusted, electronic deformation materials are electrified to be deformed, a double gear formed by the second gear and the third gear relatively rotates to eliminate the backlash between the second gear and the first gear meshed with the second gear and between the third gear and the first gear meshed with the third gear, the gear backlash and the return difference can be accordingly eliminated or reduced in real time, cost is low, the structure is simple, accessory equipment such as a motor is not needed, the occupied space is small, driving energy is reduced, the transmission error during direction changing is reduced, and operation and control are simpler and more convenient; as the original mode that the backlash is eliminated through mechanical force of a power source is not adopted, controllability and accuracy are high, and the electronic-control anti-backlash gear pair is suitable for occasions with the requirements for the high accuracy.