The invention discloses a pipeline traction testing device and a pipeline traction testing method. The pipeline traction testing device comprises a traction testing tube, a balance tube, an internal ultrasonic detector, a winch, a shooting end water tank and a withdrawing end water tank, wherein two ends of the traction testing tube are respectively communicated with the shooting end water tank and the withdrawing end water tank; two ends of the balance tube are respectively communicated with the shooting end water tank and the withdrawing end water tank; the balance tube is positioned above the traction testing tube horizontally; an anti-leaking through hole is formed in the axis position in the shooting end water tank, corresponding to the traction testing tube; and the rope of the winch penetrates through the shooting end water tank and the traction testing tube through the anti-leaking through hole and finally reaches the withdrawing end water tank.