The invention relates to a data acquisition technology, and particularly relates to a distributed data synchronous acquisition device and a distributed data synchronous acquisition method, solving the problem that the existing data acquisition device cannot realize distributed data synchronous acquisition. The distributed data synchronous acquisition device comprises an upper computer, a master control unit, an RS485 bus and distributed data acquisition units, wherein the master control unit comprises an FPGA, an FLASH memory, a power converter and an RS485 interface; the number of the distributed data acquisition units is n; each distributed data acquisition unit comprises a CPLD, an A/D converter, a power converter and an RS485 interface. The distributed data synchronous acquisition device and the distributed data synchronous acquisition method disclosed by the invention are suitable for various fields of industrial production and scientific research.