The invention discloses a rapid disassembling and assembling device for a gear shaft system. The rapid disassembling and assembling device for the gear shaft system is characterized by comprising a hydraulic actuator and triangular chuck spiral clamping mechanisms, wherein the hydraulic actuator comprises a hydraulic cylinder body, a piston, a piston rod, a return spring, an end cover and a replaceable sleeve head, and each triangular chuck spiral clamping mechanism comprises a rotating hand wheel, a shaft retainer ring, a triangular chuck lead screw, a clamping mechanism shell and a movable platform. According to the rapid disassembling and assembling device for the gear shaft system, the function of rapid disassembling of the gear shaft system and the function of rapid assembling of the gear shaft system are integrated, and rapid disassembling and assembling of various parts on the shaft system can be rapidly achieved.