The invention relates to a preparation method of a high-performance hydrotalcite/silicon dioxide/rubber nano composite material. The stability of a rubber latex system is dependent on the zeta potential value of the system and hydrotalcite is filled to easily destroy the stability of the rubber. The preparation method comprises the following steps: by adopting an emulsion grafting method, firstly adhering silicon dioxide on a hydrotalcite laminate in an emulsion system by using a silane coupling agent to reduce the zeta potential value of the filler system; and furthermore, adjusting according to increase of the use level of SiO2 with electronegativity and obtaining a hydrotalcite/silicon dioxide/rubber emulsion composite system with high concentration so as to prepare the highly filled hydrotalcite/rubber composite material. The material is endowed with preferable air impermeability due to the laminate effect of hydrotalcite. SiO2 is adhered on the hydrotalcite laminate by means of chemical reaction of the silane coupling agent, so that the organic compatibility is improved, and the material is endowed with good crack propagation resistance and mechanical property. The material is expected to be importantly applied in the field of a tire inner liner material, space flight and aviation seal, medical seal and the like.