The invention relates to a transmission, in particular to a multi-gear special mechanical transmission capable of quickly reversing and an operation method thereof. The multi-gear special mechanical transmission comprises a case, and an input component, a quick gear component, a reverse gear component, an ahead running gear component and an additional reduction gear component which are arranged in the case, wherein oil way components are respectively arranged in the quick gear component, the reverse gear component and the ahead running gear component. The operation method comprises the following steps of linking, neutral gear operation, ahead running gear operation, reverse gear operation, shift operation and reversing operation. The multi-gear special mechanical transmission capable of quickly reversing and the operation method thereof have the advantages of reasonable structure and capability of implementing continuous fault-less gear change and reversing operation.