The invention discloses a machine tool health state rapid checking method. According to the method, a HuaZhong HNC-8 numerical control system is utilized, a sensor is arranged into each position that is required to be checked in a machine tool in advance, and then sampling channel information is configured in an oscilloscope sampling interface; health checking parameters are configured in a diagnosis meson interface of the numerical control system; then machining processes are selected, a circulating start button is pressed down to perform on-line sampling, and the system obtains feature values of sampling information by means of a signal analysis method; finally, comprehensive comparison with standard data is performed, health assessment of the machine tool is performed, and a result is displayed in a graphical mode. By means of the machine tool health state rapid checking method, signals of outer sensors are directly transmitted into the numerical control system through a port of the numerical control system, on-line collecting and analysis can be achieved, a mode of traditional external measurement and off-line modeling analysis is changed, and health checking efficiency, practicability and using range of the numerical control machine tool can be increased.