The invention belongs to the technical field of rail wagons, particularly relates to a rail wagon end door opening and closing device and solves the problem that existing rail wagons are not provided with end doors or the end doors can only be opened and closed manually. End doors are arranged at the end of a rail wagon, mutually-parallel guide rails are arranged on two sides, corresponding to the end doors, of a wagon end body, a hollow shaft capable of rotating relative to the guide rails is arranged at the top ends of the guide rails, the middle of the hollow shaft is fixedly connected with one end of a crank shaft vertical relative to the hollow shaft, the other end of the crank shaft is connected with a two-way cylinder push rod, a two-way cylinder is mounted on the body, symmetrical two groups of cranks and connecting rods are mounted on the portions, corresponding to the end doors, of the hollow shaft, the cranks are welded to the hollow shaft, and the cranks and the upper ends of the connecting rods as well as the lower ends and the end doors are connected via round pins. All transmission parts are driven through the two-way cylinder pneumatically or hydraulically to enable the end doors to be opened and closed, and operation is quickened. Operation can be executed on any side of the wagon manually, and reliability and convenience in operation are improved. Due to the fact that the end doors are vertically arranged on the end wall, pressure of cargoes on the end doors is small, and the end doors are opened and closed with less effort no matter by wind pressure, hydraulic pressure or hand.