The invention discloses a full-field injection atomization measurement device and method based on a photon time domain filter technique. The device comprises a femtosecond laser, a beam splitter, a polarizer, a variable rectangular aperture, a beam expanding system, a target injector, a first convex lens, an optical kerr medium, a polarization analyzer, a second convex lens, a transmittance and spatial distribution structure variable attenuator, a ICOMS (Intensified Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) camera, a half wavelength plate, an optical path time delayer, a first reflecting mirror, a second reflecting mirror, an optical beam collector, a sequential control system and a computer. Ballistic photons are selected according to an optical kerr effect for imaging, and a clear spray field structure picture is further acquired; the optical beam is reshaped to rectangular light spots with variable length-width ratios by adopting the variable rectangular aperture and the beam expanding system, and all the spray field is effectively covered; the density of ballistic photons entering a near field region of the ICOMS camera is identical to that of the ballistic photons entering other regions due to the adoption of the transmittance and spatial distribution structure variable attenuator, so that a clear full-field image of the spray field is acquired.