The invention discloses a self-adaptive energy management system for fuel cell hybrid power tramcar multi-power source. The system comprises a fuel cell system unit, a lithium battery unit, a supercapacitor unit, a one-way DC converter unit, a bidirectional DC converter unit interface and a self-adaptive energy management unit, wherein the self-adaptive energy management unit is formed by a power distribution processing sub-unit capable of distributing power and a double self-adaptive nerve cell fuzzy inference sub-unit capable of conducting self-adaptive energy control; power among the fuel cell unit, the lithium battery unit and the supercapacitor unit can be self-adaptively distributed in real time by real-time detection of an operation work condition and a power system condition, so the fuel cell unit can maintain stable and high efficient operation and safe charge-discharge management and effective brake energy recovery can be guaranteed for the lithium battery unit and the supercapacitor unit; work efficiency of the fished car and each power supply can be improved; and circulating service life of each power supply can be prolonged.