The invention relates to a sliding guide drilling closed-loop control system and a sliding guide drilling closed-loop control method. The system comprises a dynamic measuring sub system, a ground monitoring sub system and an executing sub system, wherein the dynamic measuring sub system measures parameters such as the well deflection, the orientation and the underground motor drill tool surface in real time and sends the parameters to the ground monitoring sub system; when the ground monitoring sub system discovers that the actually drilled wellbore trajectory deviates from the designed wellbore trajectory through comparison, a wellbore trajectory to be drilled is determined again according to the designed wellbore trajectory and the target spot; a top drive/turntable-bit pressure combined control plate obtained according to the many-body dynamics simulation design analysis is combined to determine the top drive/turntable rotating angle and a bit pressure regulating strategy; then, the underground tool surface and bit pressure stability is maintained through regulating the top drive/turntable rotating angle and the traveling block speed by the executing sub system and dynamically regulating the drift and the bit pressure of the underground motor drill tool surface; the sliding guide drilling wellbore trajectory closed-loop automatic control is realized; the operation efficiency and the control precision of the directional wellbore trajectory are effectively improved; and the wellbore quality is improved.