The invention relates to a preparation method of a flower cluster-shaped zinc oxide hybrid material based on a cellulose nanosphere crystal as a template. The preparation method utilizes a cellulose nanosphere crystal as a template, a soluble zinc salt as a zinc source and an alkali solution as a pH conditioning agent for adjusting solution pH to 10.5-13, and comprises the following steps of stirring the template and the zinc source, heating the mixture to a temperature of 100-140 DEG C to obtain white precipitates, carrying out suction filtration on the white precipitates, carrying out water washing, putting the white precipitates into an oven at a temperature of 60-120 DEG C, and carrying out drying for 1-24h to obtain the flower cluster-shaped hybrid material which utilizes a cellulose nanosphere crystal as a template and comprises zinc oxide nanometer rods. The preparation method is simple, can be operated easily, does not pollute the environment, and is suitable for industrial large-scale production. The hybrid material has small and controllable particle sizes, a high degree of crystallization, good dispersibility, less surface defects, excellent bactericidal effect and dye degradation performances and a wide application range in the field of water purification, medical materials and dye treatment.