The invention provides an inversion measurement device and method for the refractive index and the absorption coefficient of a high-temperature translucent material, belongs to the technical filed of measurement of thermo-physical properties of high-temperature translucent materials and aims to solve the problems that an existing measurement method of high temperature thermal physical properties of the translucent material is complex and the measurement result is unreliable. The device comprises a Fourier infrared spectrum analyzer, a data processing system, a black body light source B, a rotating platform, a blackbody radiation heater, a black body light source A, a vacuum tank and a circulating water constant temperature sleeve; the method comprises the steps that firstly, spectral direction apparent emissivity in the assigned direction of a to-be-measured translucent material under assigned experimental temperature is measured by an experiment, on the basis, the spectral refractivity and the spectral absorption coefficient of the material are calculated with an inverse problem solving method, and the spectral refractivity and the spectral absorption coefficient of the to-be-measured material can be accurately measured with the method. The inversion measurement device and method is used for measurement of the thermo-physical properties of the high-temperature translucent material.