The invention discloses an elastic sealing gasket for joints of shield tunnel segments. The elastic sealing gasket comprises grooves and through holes disposed in bilateral symmetry about a central axis of the segment joint elastic sealing gasket. The through holes include rounded triangular through holes, rounded square through holes and special-shaped through holes, the special-shaped through holes include upper and lower rows, each row including three, the two rows of special-shaped through holes are equal in size and shape and are disposed in top-bottom symmetry, left and right sides of the upper row of special-shaped through holes are each provided with a rounded square through hole, and the left and right sides of the lower row of special-shaped through holes are each provided with a rounded triangular through holes. Corresponding water pressure withstanding and mechanical tests show that the sectional form has waterproof and mechanical properties. The elastic sealing gasket is applicable to waterproofing large-diameter shield tunnel segment joints with high outer pressure.