The invention provides a kit for rapidly detecting various viruses in a muskmelon by one step and a rapid detection method adopting the kit, relates to a kit for rapidly detecting muskmelon virus diseases and a rapid detection method adopting the kit and solves the problem that a conventional multiplex RT-PCR (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) detection technology for the muskmelon virus diseases can detect a small variety of muskmelon virus diseases simultaneously. The kit for rapidly detecting the various viruses in the muskmelon by one step contains 7 pairs of RT-PCR primers. The rapid detection method comprises the following steps: 1, total RNA (ribonucleic acid) of a blade infected with viruses is extracted; 2, the total RNA is reversely transcribed into cDNA (complementary DNA); 3, multiplex RT-PCR is performed by the 7 pairs of RT-PCR primers in the kit. As many as 7 muskmelon virus diseases can be detected simultaneously through one-time PCR, and the kit and the method can be used for gathering and identifying muskmelon virus disease varieties in a field and have the advantages of simple identification process, a few steps, low equipment requirements, low cost, short time, high accuracy and the like.