The invention relates to a supported vanadium alkene polymerization catalyst, which comprises a porous inorganic carrier, a catalyst composite modifying component, a vanadium containing component, and a catalyst activating component; wherein the catalyst composite modifying component is the product of high temperature burning of a first soluble compound and/or a second soluble compound, and the vanadium containing component is the product of high temperature burning of a third compound. Compared with the conventional Ziegler-Natta vanadium catalysts, the provided supported vanadium alkene polymerization catalyst has the advantages of higher and more stable activity, wider range of polymerization temperature, and excellent copolymerization performance.