The invention discloses an aerial image identification based power grid geographical wiring diagram drawing method. The method comprises: selecting an eigenvalue of a substation or a tower, and performing fitting to make a template; intercepting an image frame from an aerial video; performing gray conversion on an image; performing histogram equalization reinforcement; obtaining a binaryzation effect picture; obtaining a denoising effect picture; obtaining a foreground picture only containing edge information; obtaining a graph outline of a suspected substation or tower; matching extracted edge contour information with a feature template of the substation or the tower, and performing marking when the matching is successful; connecting key points of the substation or the tower and performing drawing in a power grid geographical wiring diagram; and manually checking the power grid geographical wiring diagram. The method is high in efficiency, accurate in position and low in error rate, saves manpower and material resources, realizes automatic computer drawing, and greatly improves the efficiency and accuracy of drawing the power grid geographical wiring diagram.