The invention discloses a rapid readout circuit for a resistance sensor array based on a two-wire system isopotential method, belonging to the technical field of sensors. Aiming at an M*N two-dimensional resistance sensor array with common row lines and column lines, the rapid readout circuit comprises a column line driving operational amplifier, a column multiplexer, a reference voltage source, M equivalent current operational amplifiers, M test current sampling resistors and two connecting lines, wherein the M equivalent current operational amplifiers are in one-to-one correspondence with M row lines of the resistance sensor array, and the two connecting lines are respectively arranged corresponding to each row line and column line of the resistance sensor array. The invention further discloses a readout method of the rapid readout circuit and a sensing system. Compared with the prior art, the rapid readout circuit has the advantages that by utilizing the two-wire system isopotential method as a key technique, measuring errors caused by the lead resistance and joint contact resistance of connecting cables and the on resistance of multi-path switch channels can be effectively eliminated, and the measurement precision of the resistance sensor array can be substantially improved.