The invention relates to a CPU neutron single event effect test control method comprising the following steps: S1, setting and calculating multiple control parameters of an apparatus; and S2, controlling the apparatus under a constraint condition combined by the set and calculated multiple control parameters. According to the invention, the parameter conditions needing to be controlled in test and the control method for constraining the parameters are specified explicitly, a complete test process control theoretic method is optimized and put forward, the correctness of test results is ensured, and a foundation is laid for ensuring system reliability study of an aviation/aerospace system in a space environment. The invention further discloses a CPU neutron single event effect test control device.