Disclosed are a test system and method for road surface energy harvesting. The system comprises a bed, a power unit fixed to the bed, a wheel simulator, an energy harvesting module (16), a loading unit, and a data acquisition and analysis unit. The power unit provides wheel-rotating power for the wheel simulator to simulate an actual condition of wheel rolling. The energy harvesting module (16) is connected to the loading unit, and the loading unit provides a load for the energy harvesting module (16) to press the energy harvesting module (16) against wheels of the wheel simulator, so as to simulate actual conditions of different loading forces. The data acquisition and analysis unit acquires and analyzes energy harvesting capacity and efficiency data of the energy harvesting module (16). The invention is suitable for simulating operating conditions of road surface energy harvesting for a vehicle running on a road surface, and is used to detect the energy harvesting capacity and efficiency of a road surface energy harvesting system as the load and speed of an automobile change.