The invention discloses an asphalt pavement roughening effectiveness evaluation method based on a three-dimensional laser detection technology. According to the method, firstly, laser-point cloud data of roughened asphalt mixture wheel track board test pieces are accurately and rapidly acquired and subjected to smoothing treatment, characteristic parameters of horizontal and longitudinal sections are extracted and calculated, the overall uniformity of a roughened interface is evaluated according to a normal distribution curve formed through fitting of the characteristic parameters, and the roughening effectiveness is evaluated according to a shearing and pulling test result of wheel track board test pieces. By means of the evaluation method, characteristics of horizontal and longitudinal sections of a roughened pavement can be accurately quantitated, the relationship between the characteristics of the roughened surface and interlayer bonding effectiveness can be established, the rule of influence of the horizontal and longitudinal section structures on interlayer bonding strength of an asphalt mixture is further discussed, how to increase the best roughening parameters corresponding to the interlayer bonding strength of asphalt pavement during construction is ensured, the uniformity and the accuracy of construction of the roughened interface are evaluated, and a foundation is laid for the interlayer treatment construction quality.