The invention discloses a large-temperature-difference water spray cooling device capable of bearing an ultra-high temperature and relates to the field of ground thermal protection/prevention of aircrafts. The large-temperature-difference water spray cooling device comprises a gas inlet, a first water distribution pipe layer, a second water distribution pipe layer, a high-temperature-resistant barrel and a gas outlet, wherein the gas inlet and the gas outlet are formed in two ends of the high-temperature-resistant barrel respectively; the first water distribution pipe layer is arranged in the position closer to the gas inlet; the second water distribution pipe layer is arranged in the position farther from the gas inlet. The large-temperature-difference water spray cooling device capable of bearing the ultra-high temperature is designed for the first time in China, can work for a long time in an extreme environment at the temperature of 3,600 K, and has the capacity of cooling high-temperature gas to 700 K within 40 milliseconds, wherein the flow of the high-temperature gas is as high as 0.38 million cubic meters per hour. With development of the large-temperature-difference water spray cooling device capable of bearing the ultra-high temperature, construction of a large combustion gas flow test device is possible, and an effective test means is provided for development of a novel aerospace craft.