The invention discloses a cryogenic vial storing and fetching device. The cryogenic vial storing and fetching device comprises a frame and a liquid nitrogen cylinder, wherein the liquid nitrogen cylinder is located in the frame; the liquid nitrogen cylinder comprises a cylinder body and a moving mechanism; the cylinder body is provided with a sealed opening; the sealed opening is provided with a first thermal insulation shell; the moving mechanism is arranged in the cylinder body and is used for moving hanging baskets in the liquid nitrogen cylinder to the opening; the cryogenic vial storing and fetching device further comprises a hoisting mechanism, a tray shoveling mechanism and a vial selecting mechanism; the hoisting mechanism is used for hoisting a hanging basket at the opening into the first thermal insulation shell; the tray shoveling mechanism is used for storing or fetching a cryogenic tray from the hanging basket which is hoisted by the hoisting mechanism; and the vial selecting mechanism is used for storing or fetching a cryogenic vial from the cryogenic tray which is fetched by the tray shoveling mechanism. By adopting the cryogenic vial storing and fetching device, the process for selecting a single target cryogenic vial for biological samples is realized; and during the whole selecting process, the cryogenic vials are all in a liquid nitrogen environment, and non-target cryogenic vials are prevented from being exposed at environment temperature, so that the activity of the biological samples is ensured.