The invention discloses a coal water slurry oxygen-rich combustion system. The coal water slurry oxygen-rich combustion system comprises a hearth, a combustor, a slurry supply system, an oxygen supply system, a flue gas circulation system and a flue gas discharging and recovering system; the slurry supply system comprises a slurry storage tank, a slurry conveying pump, a stirring filter and a slurry supply pump; the oxygen supply system comprises an air separation device compressor and an oxygen tank; the flue gas circulation system comprises a flue gas heat exchanger, a deduster, a circulation fan and a condenser; and the flue gas discharging and recovering system comprises a CO2 compression and storage device and a chimney. Coal water slurry exchanges heat with high temperature flue gas, so the initial temperature is improved, and the ignition heat is reduced; and pure oxygen jet combustion is used in the igniting stage to reduce the igniting temperature of the coal water slurry and rapidly improve the combustion rate of the coal water slurry, and an oxygen-rich combustion technology is combined to solve the problems of difficult ignition, low combustion efficiency, high discharge of NOx and high CO2 capture cost of present coal water slurry boilers.