The invention relates to the technical field of optical fiber sensing temperature measurement, and specifically relates to a high-precision high-spatial-resolution Raman temperature measurement sensor and a temperature measurement method. The high-spatial-resolution Raman temperature measurement sensor is characterized in that the high-spatial-resolution Raman temperature measurement sensor comprises an ultra-narrow linewidth laser, a circulator, an acousto-optic modulator, a reflective mirror, a 1*2 light splitter (1:1), two wavelength division multiplexing devices, a Raman frequency shift optical fiber, two 2*1 couplers, two photoelectric detectors, a signal processing and collection unit and a micro-processor unit. Compared with the prior art, the spatial resolution index of a Raman temperature measurement sensor based on OTDR is relatively poor and is generally 1 meter, the Raman temperature measurement sensor can be easily realized on hardware, the spatial resolution index of the system is substantially improved, and the spatial resolution index of the Raman temperature measurement sensor can reach a centimeter level in practical application.