The invention discloses a breeding and identifying method of capicum annuum L. with anther yellow trait controlled by a single recessive gene. The breeding and identifying method comprises the following steps: (1) carrying out cross breeding on every two of four capicum annuum L. varieties of Ba'ou, Marilyn, Boshou I and Boshou II, thus obtaining two single-cross hybrids; hybridizing the two single-cross hybrids, thus obtaining a double-cross hybrid; (2) carrying out haploid cultivation and doubling germination on the double-cross hybrid, thus obtaining a series of DH strains; (3) selecting strains with yellow anthers from the series of DH strains, wherein the strains with the yellow anthers are capicum annuum L. materials with the anther yellow trait controlled by the single recessive gene. By adopting the breeding and identifying method disclosed by the invention, the capicum annuum L. materials DH121 with the anther yellow trait controlled by the single recessive gene are obtained; the breeding and identifying method is a method for breeding good breeding materials aiming at existing good market varieties by utilizing a reverse breeding idea; the breeding and identifying method is simple, convenient and quick, the breeding time is greatly shortened, and the breeding cost is reduced.