The invention relates to a signal acquisition and storage device for VSP (Vertical Seismic Profiling) measurement while drilling, which comprises a signal acquisition circuit and a data storage circuit, wherein the signal acquisition circuit comprises a sampling digital signal controller, an analog-to-digital converter, a detector, a sample buffer array and a hydrophone; the detector and the hydrophone are connected with the analog-to-digital converter via a differential amplifier respectively; the analog-to-digital converter and the sample buffer array are respectively connected with the sampling digital signal controller; the digital signal controller is connected with a clock module; and the data storage circuit comprises a storage data word signal controller, a storage chip array manager and a storage device array. The device of the invention has the following advantages that a high-temperature chip is adopted, the storage performance is stable, the reading speed is quick, and the storage capacity can meet storage space needed by a four-component VSP measurement tool while drilling for 200-hour continuous work.