Provided are an automatic rapid lifting device for high building fire-fighting bridge supporting column and a lifting method. The device comprises a hydraulic cylinder; a hydraulic cylinder piston head comprises a mechanism frame, an upper pulling plate mechanism, a lower top plate mechanism, a closing positioning plate, a lock, a pulling plate unlocking piston rod and a top plate pulling plate closing piston rod; the upper pulling plate mechanism is arranged on the upper portion inside the mechanism frame, the lower top plate mechanism is arranged on the lower portion inside the mechanism frame, and the closing positioning plate is arranged between the upper pulling plate mechanism and the lower top plate mechanism; the lock is fixed on the closing positioning plate, a spring plunger of the lock extends into lock holes formed in a pulling plate upper clamping plate and a pulling plate lower clamping plate of the upper pulling plate mechanism, the pulling plate unlocking piston rod and the lock are co-axially arranged, and the top plate pulling plate closing position rod and a closing positioning hole formed in the closing positioning plate are co-axially arranged. According to the automatic rapid lifting device for the high building fire-fighting bridge supporting columns and the lifting method, the first-section supporting column is jacked up to reach a predetermined altitude by adopting a single cylinder, the second-section supporting column is jacked up to reach an assigned altitude through the single cylinder, the rest can be done in the same manner, any section of the supporting columns can be jacked up, jacking is completed through one cylinder, and load bearing is borne by the supporting column.