The invention relates to a color structured light coding and edge extraction method, which belongs to the field of general image data processing or generating technology and optical three-dimensional measurement. The method comprises the following steps: 1) a calibration environment system is built; 2) a plurality of tricolor and sub primary color images are made; 3) an image sequence corresponding to each single color image is acquired; 4) a first HSI space coordinate system is built; 5) the image sequence in the third step is mapped to the coordinate system; 6) a second HSI space coordinate system is built; 7) a coded fringe sequence is built, and a coded fringe image is projected to the surface of an object; 8) the fringe image modulated through the surface of the object is acquired; 9) the fringe image after surface modulation through the to-be-measured object acquired in the eighth step is decoded; and 10) coordinate transformation is carried out to determine the precise edge of the fringe on the surface of the to-be-measured object. Through modes such as coordinate mapping, interference from environment factors is eliminated, and a special coding and decoding mode is used for quickly and accurately extracting the image edge.