The invention relates to a multi-time-scale hybrid real-time digital simulation system which comprises a controller, a protection system which sends a fault signal to the controller, a device level electromagnetic transient module, a component level switching transient module and a dynamic thermal process module. The controller sends a control command and a pulse signal to the device level electromagnetic transient module and sends a pulse signal to the component level switching transient module and sends a simulation output result to the device level electromagnetic transient module. The device level electromagnetic transient module sends the simulation output result to the controller. The component level switching transient module sends the over-voltage, over-current and fault state information of a device to the protection system. The dynamic thermal process module sends the temperature of a turn-off valve of the component level switching transient module to the protection system. The modules carry out data exchange orderly through an interface, and the combined simulation of electromagnetic transient, switching transient and thermal dynamic processes is realized. According to the technical scheme, a more comprehensive and real closed-loop physical testing environment is provided for the control and protection system.