The invention provides a spring self-locking type quick positioning and locking mechanism. The spring self-locking type quick positioning and locking mechanism is characterized by comprising two positioning pins connected with one mechanical part and a main locking mechanism connected with the other mechanical part, wherein the main locking mechanism comprises a base, a force applying assembly and a self-locking assembly; the self-locking assembly is arranged on the base; and one end of the force applying assembly is used for being connected with the other mechanical part, and the other end of the force applying assembly is connected with the self-locking assembly after passing through the base. The spring self-locking type quick positioning and locking mechanism has the following advantages that the two mechanical parts are tightly connected by virtue of self locking of a spring and without external force maintenance, so stability and reliability are achieved; auxiliary equipment such as a gas source, a pipe and a pipe joint are not needed, use conditions are not limited, and high environmental friendliness and universality are achieved; and the structure is simple and compact, the machining piece cost is low, the economic property is high, and positioning and locking functions can be completely realized without multiple sets or other auxiliary equipment.