The invention discloses a non-return valve breakdown detection system. The system comprises a main pump body and a detection apparatus, wherein the main pump body comprises an inlet valve chamber, a control chamber and an outlet valve chamber which are successively connected; one end of the inlet valve chamber is connected with a water inlet pipe, the other end of the inlet valve chamber is connected with the control chamber, one end of the outlet valve chamber is connected with the control chamber, and the other end of the outlet valve chamber is connected with a water outlet pipe; an inlet non-return valve is arranged at a connecting position between the inlet valve chamber and the water inlet pipe; an outlet non-return valve is arranged at a connecting position between the outlet valve chamber and the control chamber; a diaphragm is arranged in the control chamber, the control chamber is divided into a transfer chamber and a diaphragm chamber, one end of the diaphragm chamber is provided with an opening, the opening is provided with a piston, the piston encloses the opening, and the piston is driven by a power apparatus; the detection apparatus comprises a pressure sensor, a data processing device and an alarm apparatus; and the pressure sensor is arranged in the diaphragm chamber, and the pressure sensor is connected with the alarm apparatus through the data processing device. The non-return valve breakdown detection system can effectively discover non-return valve breakdown and give an alarm timely.