The invention provides an ice melting capacity evaluation device and method for a bridge deck pavement structure. The device comprises a test piece, electrodes, a pressurization conductive apparatus, a temperature control apparatus, a temperature sensing apparatus and temperature measurement apparatuses connected through the temperature sensing apparatus. The test piece comprises functional layers and a steel grid connected between the functional layers. The functional layers include a cement concrete layer, a waterproof bonding layer, a conductive aggregate layer and an asphalt pavement layer from bottom up in order. The method includes: firstly laying a plurality of test points on an asphalt pavement layer, then starting the temperature control apparatus to make the plurality of test points have a same initial temperature; then starting the pressurization conductive apparatus to acquire the test data of time needed by the plurality of test points to reach a specified temperature, and performing difference abandoning processing on the test data so as to acquire a test result; and according to the test result, evaluating the ice melting capacity of the bridge deck pavement structure precisely and visibly.