The invention discloses a checking method for short circuit resisting capacity of transformer under extremely cold condition, including the following steps. 1) An elastic modulus Em of insulation cushion block in a transformer under extremely cold condition is calculated and an elastic modulus E of coil in the transformer under extremely cold condition is calculated. Total stress caused by the transformer on an external coil of the transformer in working progress is calculated according to the elastic modulus Em of insulation cushion block in the transformer under extremely cold condition. Then total stress caused by the transformer on an inner coil of the transformer in working progress is calculated according to the elastic modulus E of coil in the transformer under extremely cold condition. Finishing the check of short circuit resisting capacity of transformer under extremely cold condition, the method can check the short circuit ability of the transformer under extremely cold condition.