The invention discloses a waterwheel type strengthening treatment device for water quality purification. The waterwheel type strengthening treatment device comprises a vertical wheel framework and a central rotating shaft, wherein the central rotating shaft is installed at the center of the vertical wheel framework, fan-shaped water collecting and filtering devices are uniformly distributed on the circular surface of the vertical wheel framework, fan-shaped water filtering cavities are arranged in the fan-shaped water collecting and filtering devices, water inlets of water collectors extending into the fan-shaped water filtering cavities are formed in large ends of the fan-shaped water collecting and filtering devices, at least two inclined division plates are installed in the fan-shaped water filtering cavities, filtering fillers are padded between two division plates, through holes are formed in one side of each division plate, the through holes of two adjacent division plates are stagger to each other, and outfalls are formed in the small ends of the fan-shaped water collecting and filtering devices. The device is low in energy consumption, adopts environmentally friendly materials and fillers, requires no manual operation basically, has a good treatment effect, can operate continuously, has a landscape function and provides a new way for water quality recovery and landscape beautifying.