The invention provides a method and a device for shaking and jumping combined detection of a shaft system. The device comprises a to-be-detected shaft system, a plane reflector, an angle measurement device and a distance measurement device. Shaking quantity of the to-be-detected shaft system is measured directly by the angle measurement device and combined with data of the distance measurement device to obtain end face jumping quantity of the to-be-detected shaft system, and accordingly jumping quantity of the to-be-detected shaft system can be obtained by calculation. The method for shaking and jumping combined detection of the shaft system avoids ball vertex searching which is performed in the prior art; the jumping quantity of the to-be-detected shaft system is obtained by calculation through repeated angle data recording and distance data recording, so that the method is high in detection precision, and the shaking quantity and the jumping quantity of the to-be-detected shaft system can be effectively separated to obtain the high-precision jumping quantity of the to-be-detected shaft system.