The invention discloses a method for identifying low-frequency oscillation mode parameters on the basis of adaptive Kalman filtering. By the aid of the method, the problems in the aspect of identification of existing low-frequency oscillation mode parameters of power systems can be solved. The method includes particular implementation steps of analyzing low-frequency oscillation signals and building state space models by the aid of features of the low-frequency oscillation signals; taking time variation of system noise and measured noise covariance on the basis of the state space models and dynamically estimating voice covariance by the aid of adaptive technologies; effectively identifying the low-frequency oscillation mode parameters by the aid of Kalman filtering processes. State components of the state space models comprise the to-be-identified parameters. As shown by analysis of calculating examples, the method has the advantages of effectiveness and practicality.