The invention discloses a system and method for abrasion detection and self-compensation control on an inertia cone crusher. A vibration exciter and a coupling ate fixed at the lower end of a moveable conical part; the vibration exciter and the moveable conical part are mounted on a machine body through a spherical pair; the coupling is connected with a transmission shaft through a universal spindle coupling; a spherical-surface side part at the upper end of the universal spindle coupling is connected with the inner groove of the coupling through an upper connecting column; a spherical-surface side part at the lower part of the universal spindle coupling is connected with the inner groove of the transmission shaft through a lower connecting column; a plurality of pressure sensors are arranged from top to bottom inside the inner groove of the coupling; a hydraulic cylinder is arranged at the core part of the transmission shaft; a boosting electromagnetic valve liquid and a pressure release electromagnetic valve are connected with the piston cavity of the hydraulic cylinder. The system and the method are applicable to automatic compensation to the abrasion of a liner plate within a certain range, and is capable of ensuring that the inertia cone crusher works within an ideal working interval range, and improving the working efficiency and the working performance of the inertia cone crusher..