The invention discloses a testing device and testing method for determining a friction resistance coefficient of high-speed gas flow. On the basis of determining gas flow, pressure, temperature, density, pipe column geometric/mechanical parameters in an injection and production pipe column, a gas-wall friction resistance coefficient is solved; a high-speed gas injection and production working state can be simulated in a peak regulation process of a gas storage well, so that the blank that the friction resistance coefficient of an inner wall cannot be accurately detected under a high-speed injection and production working condition of an existing injection and production pipe column is filled and the testing device and the testing method can be used for designing the injection and production pipe column of a gas storage and carrying out optimization analysis on selected materials; the friction resistance coefficient of the inner wall of the pipe column is determined through detecting information including temperature, flow, pressure, axial strain and the like of the inner wall of the pipe when the high-speed gas flow flows through the gas injection and production pipe column; a conversion algorithm of the temperature of the inner wall of the pipe, the flow, the pressure, the axial strain and the friction resistance coefficient is integrated into a data acquisition and analysis system; the testing method is simple and feasible.