The invention discloses a road traffic condition detection device based on machine vision. The device is characterized in that the device comprises an automobile data recorder, a CCD image sensor, a FPGA field programmable gate array, a DSP universal signal processor, an ARM central processor and a data transmission module. The automobile data recorder is used for obtaining images, and the output end of which is connected with the FPGA field programmable gate array; the FPGA field programmable gate array is responsible for carrying out graying, filtering and denoising preprocessing on the images; the DSP universal signal processor carries out feature extraction, feature matching and road traffic condition estimation and rating processing; the ARM central processor realizes temporary storage of data; and the data transmission module is used for transmitting the road traffic information to bus headquarters through a 4G network. The advantage is that the provided device can automatically detect driving conditions of buses, thereby improving bus dispatching scientificity and efficiency of the headquarters.