The invention discloses a mountain fire detection method based on a single picture. The mountain fire detection method based on the single picture comprises the following steps of firstly using a tonal probability model of a flame area to acquire each candidate flame area; then segmenting the areas; and then using a multiple-dimensioned Laws energy technology to analyze red, green and blue channel information of each segmented candidate flame area, integrating multiple-dimensioned Laws energy characteristics of three channels of each candidate area, and using a support vector machine model to finally screen the real flame area. In the invention, automatic detection and identification of the flame area are realized, a real-time requirement is satisfied, a manual detection picture is replaced and manpower and material resources are greatly saved.