The invention relates to the technical field of bank side temporary wharf structures, and specifically relates to a construction method of a steel cylinder shaped temporary wharf. The construction method involves a plurality of steel cylinders which are arranged at intervals in a direction parallel to a river bank, wherein each steel cylinder is of a cylinder structure of which the lower end is positioned on a flat riverbed and the upper end and the lower end are provided with openings; backfilling stone fills the riverbed between the steel cylinders and the river bank; a first concrete surface layer is poured on the backfilling stone and wraps the upper surface of the backfilling stone, and one end, far away from the river bank, of the first concrete surface layer, is fixed to the outside end surface of each steel cylinder. The construction method is simple in structure, convenient to operate, and high in popularization value.