The invention discloses a strain-based high-speed air friction coefficient calculation method, which comprises the steps of (1) testing axial strain of a test tube; (2) calculating axial deformation of the test tube; (3) calculating high-speed air friction force; and (4) calculating a friction coefficient, namely calculating the friction force of high-speed air on the inner wall of a tubular column by measuring axial strain deformation of the tubular column with consideration on the influences of inner pressure and section change on axial deformation and further calculating the friction coefficient, thereby improving the design applicability and reliability of the tubular column. The influences of an air flow state change and the roughness of the tube wall do not need to be considered.