The present invention relates to a ferromagnetic conductor surface hardness measurement method and a ferromagnetic conductor surface hardness measurement system based on skin effect. The ferromagnetic conductor surface hardness measurement system comprises an alternating current constant current signal module, an alternating current voltage detection module and a main control module, wherein the alternating current constant current signal module provides a high frequency or low frequency alternating current constant current signal for a standard sample or a sample to be measured, the alternating current voltage detection module detects the high frequency voltage value VSH(i) between two target detection points on different standard samples having known surface hardness HS(i) and detects the high frequency voltage value VSH' between two target detection points on the sample to be measured, and the main control module draws the change curve HS(i)-VSH(i) of the surface hardness HS(i) of the standard along with the high frequency voltage value VSH(i), and reads the sample surface hardness HS'(i) corresponding to the high frequency voltage value VSH' from the change curve HS(i)-VSH(i). According to the present invention, the influence caused by the surface is low, the samples with characteristics of complex surface, pollution on the surface, and the like can be detected, no lift-off effect is generated, no quantitative requirement is generated on the geometric parameters of the sample, the testing is simple and reliable, and the method and the system can further be used for evaluating the depth of the surface hardness reinforcement layer of the sample to be measured.