The invention provides a carburizing and quenching surface strengthening technology of a 12Cr2Ni4 high-speed gear for a turbine compressor. The carburizing and quenching surface strengthening technology comprises the technological processes of conditioning heat treatment, stress relief treatment, carburizing treatment, high-temperature tempering treatment, quenching treatment, low-temperature tempering treatment and the like. According to the carburizing and quenching surface strengthening technology of the 12Cr2Ni4 high-speed gear for the turbine compressor, by optimizing technological parameters and adding stress relief treatment before gear milling, on the premise of enabling indexes of a carburized layer of the 12Cr2Ni4 high-speed gear to be completely qualified, the distortion amount is greatly reduced.