The invention discloses a nickel laterite ore treatment system. The nickel laterite ore treatment system comprises a fluidized bed, a cooling device and a decomposition device, wherein a reaction cavity is defined in the fluidized bed, and nickel laterite ore makes contact with carbon monoxide and is subjected to the reduction reaction and the carbonylation reaction with the carbon monoxide in the reaction cavity, so that first mixed gas and residues containing ferroferric oxide are obtained; the fluidized bed is provided with a feeding port, a gas inlet, a gas outlet and a residue discharging port; the cooling device is provided with a cooling inlet, a gas phase outlet and a liquid phase outlet, and the cooling inlet is connected with the gas outlet of the fluidized bed, so that the first mixed gas is cooled, and liquid nickel carbonyl and second mixed gas are obtained accordingly; and the decomposition device is connected with the liquid phase outlet, so that liquid nickel carbonyl is decomposed, and carbon monoxide and nickel are obtained accordingly. By adoption of the nickel laterite ore treatment system, nickel laterite ore treatment efficiency can be remarkably improved, energy consumption is reduced, and nickel extraction efficiency is improved.