The invention discloses a shot blasting-electromagnetic field composite adjusting and controlling method for residual stress of titanium alloy blades. The method comprises the following steps that the titanium alloy blades are subjected to shot blasting treatment firstly to enable the surfaces of the titanium alloy blades to generate plastic deformation, and thus cooling hard layers and residual compressive stress are formed; the titanium alloy blades subjected to shot blasting treatment is subjected to electromagnetic field adjusting and controlling treatment under the normal temperature, and the treatment time is 3-600 s; and the electromagnetic field is formed by coupling of an alternating magnetic field and a pulsed electric field, the strength of the alternating magnetic field is 500-30000 A/m, the frequency of the alternating magnetic field is 1-1000 Hz, the maximum peak current of the pulsed electric field is 5-20000 A, and the pulse period of the pulsed electric field is 0.01-1.0 s. According to the shot blasting-electromagnetic field composite adjusting and controlling method for the residual stress of the titanium alloy blades, on the basis of a traditional shot blasting technique, an electromagnetic field adjusting and controlling technique is added, the electromagnetic field is utilized to adjust and control residual stress distribution of the surface layer and the near-surface layer of a material, and the service life of a part is prolonged.