The invention discloses a device and method for conveying pastes by utilizing high pressure air. The device for conveying the pastes by utilizing the high pressure air comprises a material slurry hopper, a filling pump, high pressure air conveying devices, a flowmeter and a PLC controller. The material slurry hopper is connected with a filling pipeline. The filling pump is arranged below the material slurry hopper. The flowmeter is arranged on the filling pipeline in the outlet direction of the filling pump. The outlet end of the filling pump is connected with one high pressure air conveying device. The filling pipeline is provided with one or more high pressure air conveying devices. According to the device for conveying the pastes by utilizing the high pressure air, the high pressure air is used as the thrust, so that the pastes are always kept in the plug-flow state in the pipeline in the conveying process, and relative movement of the interior of a column core does not happen; and through the arrangement of the multiple high pressure air conveying devices in the filling pipeline, the pastes in the pipeline are pushed and sent to the filling working surface in a relay mode. The method for conveying the pastes by utilizing the high pressure air is simple and easy to implement and high in operability, the filling technology is more simplified, and the conveying of mine filling material slurry is achieved well.