The invention relates to the field of biomass catalytic conversion and discloses a raw material for production of aviation fuels and a preparation method of an aviation fuel, wherein a method of preparing the raw material for the production of aviation fuels comprises: subjecting a sugar source to intramolecular dehydration in the presence of an alcohol, an acid catalyst, a reaction medium and a selectively used water-soluble inorganic salt to obtain an organic phase in which R-furaldehyde compound and levulinate compound are dissolved, the alcohol is C1-6 monobasic alcohol, and the reaction medium is a mixture of water and a non-alcohol organic solvent. In addition, a method of preparing the aviation fuel according to the invention comprises: preparing an organic phase in which R-furaldehyde compound and levulinate compound are dissolved according to the above method; subjecting the organic phase to aldol condensation; subjecting the aldol condensation product to hydrodeoxygenation. Through the above technical scheme, it is possible to directly prepare the aviation fuel based on original protistan biomass, and sustainable development can be implemented.